Name:	David L. Vogel Associate Professor
Address:	Department of Psychology  W149 Lagomarcino Hall Iowa State University  Ames, IA 50011-3180
Voice Mail:	(515) 294 - 1582
E-mail:	dvogel@iastate.edu
Courses Taught:	Psych 360 Normal Personality
	Psych 621 Counseling Theories
	Psych 621L Counseling Techniques
Interests:	My research interests focus on issues of diversity with specific attention to the role of stigma and stereotypes on our interactions with others. For example, I have assessed the stereotypes associated with women and men and with LGBT individuals and have examined the affects that these stereotypes have in counselors’ professional activities. I have also investigated the role of gender role stereotypes in the development of negative problem-solving patterns and relationship satisfaction in couples. Recently, my interest in the stigma associated with seeking professional help has led to an examination of the factors that influence individuals’ decisions about whether to seek professional help and the development of interventions to reduce these psychological barriers.
Vita	Selected Abstracts - Psychological Barriers to Professional Help Seeking
	Selected Abstracts – Gender and Diversity Issues in Counseling and Training
	Selected Abstracts - Other Issues in Counseling, Supervision, and Training
	Selected Abstracts – Gender and Intimate Relationships

Psychological Barriers to Professional Help Seeking

My interest in stigma and stereotypes regarding gender, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation on the counseling process has led to a recent focus on the factors that influence underserved individuals’ decisions about whether to seek professional help for personal problems. As many individuals who experience a problem in their life do not seek professional help, a better understanding of the decision-making process is essential. In particular, a better understanding of the important variations in individual and cultural characteristics that can influence the decision to seek care is needed. This work has recently resulted in development a scale to measure the negative effects of internalized stigma for seeking mental health services on self-esteem and the examination of several psychological barriers to seeking help (e.g., public and self-stigma, comfort self-disclosing, social norms, anticipated risks and benefits).

Stereotypes in Counseling, Supervision, and Training

In this line of research, I have concentrated on measuring gender-based stereotypes, assessing their accuracy, and examining the effects that these gender-based stereotypes have in counseling, supervision, and training situations. For example, in a recent study, I examined the degree to which counselors and college students held stereotypes about women’s and men's emotions. Data from this work not only showed strong stereotyping of emotion along gender lines, but also suggested that these emotional stereotypes were associated with biases in counseling relevant judgments. Building on this work, I have examined counselors' perceptions of their female and male clients during initial intake sessions and found that these perceptions in subtle ways conformed to societies' stereotypes of women and men. I have also published a review in The Counseling Psychologist, which examined the gender and emotion literature and discussed the influence that emotional stereotypes have on the attribution process of counselors. Recently, I have started to expand this work to explore counselors’ beliefs about other stereotyped groups, in particular, gay men and African Americans. I have applied aspects of social and cognitive psychology to the study of this issue, by measuring reaction times to stereotype-consistent and stereotype-inconsistent stimuli in counselor populations. The speed at which an individual processes a stimulus is thought to be faster if it is consistent with the individual’s underlying or implicit schema for the stimuli. These types of assessments may be better indicators of stereotypical assumptions, as they are harder to fake than self-reports. Based on this initial work, I am currently examining the degree to which multicultural training can alter these underlying or implicit stereotypes. I believe these research topics are important for psychologists and educators wishing to understand how to end prejudice and increase respect for diversity.

Other Issues in Counseling, Supervision, and Training

In this line of research, I have started examining a number of different aspects related to counseling, supervision, and training. For example, I have looked at the supervision process and helped develop an observational coding system of supervisors’ feedback to their supervisees. I have also looked at aspects of the training environment and how prepared graduate students in applied professions are for postdoctoral and licensure requirements. Finally, with a graduate student of the program I have written about the issues surrounding the use of the Internet in counseling.

Gender and Intimate Relationships

In this line of research, I have examined the accuracy of gender stereotyped communication patterns in close relationships. Some of the strongest stereotypes concerning women and men are found in people's perceptions of women and men's communication styles in relationships. However, my research has shown that these gender stereotypes while not altogether false tend to be elicited by specific situational factors rather than just because one belongs to a specific sex. For example, in a series of studies examining dating couples, I found that when talking about difficult topics with a partner, individuals tended to exhibit increased stereotypical attitudes and behaviors that they did not exhibit during non-difficult conversations.

With a recent grant from NIH I have also focused on improving conflict resolution in close relationships by examining possible differences in how women and men physiologically respond to relationship conflict and how this physiological response might affect women’s and men’s problem-solving behavior. I have also recently been examining the relations between sex differences in marital problem-solving behavior and the presence of power differentials within a couple. These studies have the potential to affect how we conduct psychotherapy and prevention efforts with intimate couples.